How to survive in a jungle Essay

Around 300 cases of disappearings in the wildernesses of South America were recorded in 2012. furthermore, the greater part of the individuals are still non discovered today. Geting lost in a wilderness is non an uncommon point! Because of corner overhangs obscurity falls quickly in a wilderness. which may do you to happen yourself in the main part of wilderness in black as night. In this manner you must be mindful of the threats and cognize how to ensure yourself. To toward the end in a wilderness. you have to cognize your waies. require an asylum that will shield you from natural life. also, the would like to last no undertaking what. By keeping up these in head. you will strongly happen your way out without a scraped area. The main thing that you need to stress around is make up one's disapproving of where to travel. In a wilderness you should cognize that a wrong curve will take you going around and around and can be irreversible. Luckily. there are various approaches to hold a constant way. A compass is a need that will unequivocally build your chance of enduring as you can take a way and stick to it regardless of the situation. Basically no 1 keeps a compass in his/her pocket yet luckily there is another technique! Identifying the Sun right can let you to use it as your ain individual compass. In the event that you don't cognize. the Sun ascends at the E and sets at the West. by following the movement you will discover where E and West are consistently. Knowing where your E and West are will douse the danger of gaining lost as you can only keep up on strolling to one way. To be discerning of your way is a major part of the program. in any case, you will most likely require more to last, for example, a sanctuary. Second. building a haven is determinedly an absolute necessity. A decent sanctuary will disguise you from natural life gatecrashers. intellectually comfort you and do you stay unagitated and in charge. Do non cover to do utilization of the things that you as of now have with you. For delineation. a rain coat. torn fictile sheeting or a length of rope can be a sublime use in a wilderness. The least complex way to sort out an overhang is restricting the rain guard or plastic between four trees. In the event that you don't hold anything with you will hold to use your imagination and use the nature to your advantage. like the backwoods for case. Moreover. endeavor to stay close to a start of H2O and deflect normal risks like drops. The wilderness is home to a wide range of wild quicken creatures and you can be sure that you will non be invited. In this example your safe house will play a significant capacity of being your solitary individual unbounded. It will be the topographic point th at you will securely rest and kip so as to keep up your quality. Rest is other than required to keep stable mental wellbeing and in the wilderness. Other than cover. there is one more factor that will discover whether you will or will non last. Last however non least. no undertaking what happens you should hold religion and keep up battle for continuance. Other than physical quality. you other than need the passionate quality. Everything may non travel how you envisioned it would yet you should stay positive. As you are new to the earth there will be a few disappointments. You will consummately plug up payment hours attempting to get a fish for a decent repast. in any case, wind up disregarding. Recall that the solitary person who can let you to surrender is yourself. so do non lose trust and be solid. In the event that you begin to lose trust after certain disappointments. consider your family and your companions that makes life meriting life for. There is nil you can bring through on the off chance that you are resolved to last and be brought together with the 1s you love most. In the event that you keep these techniques in head you can even gain through the most exceedingly terrible situation that can go on in a wilderness and rejoin with the individuals that makes life meriting life for. There is no populating thing that is fit for making arranged things like universes. so at the terminal it will all come down to how terrible you genuinely need to last. You may be an outsider in their condition yet remember that you are the most astute of them. You will be the one to locate your ain predetermination! On the off chance that you trust yourself. there isn't any ground for non to develop winning against all the perils that nature has in search for you.

Government Healthcare Pros and Cons

Government Healthcare Pros and Cons Government social insurance alludes to government financing of human services administrations by means of direct installments to specialists, emergency clinics and different suppliers. In U.S. government human services, specialists, clinics and other clinical experts are not utilized by the legislature. Rather, they give clinical and wellbeing administrations, as ordinary, and are repaid by the legislature, similarly as insurance agencies repay them for administrations. A case of an effective U.S. government medicinal services program is Medicare, set up in 1965 to give medical coverage to individuals matured 65 and over, or who meet other rules, for example, handicap. The U.S. is the main industrialized nation on the planet, vote based or non-equitable, without widespread human services for all residents gave by government-supported inclusion. 50 Million Uninsured Americans in 2009 In mid-2009, Congress is attempting to change U.S. social insurance protection inclusion which directly leaves in excess of 50 million men, ladies and kids uninsured and without access to satisfactory clinical and wellbeing administrations. All medicinal services inclusion, aside from some low-salary youngsters and those secured by Medicare, is presently given uniquely by insurance agencies and other private-segment companies. Privately owned business back up plans, however, have demonstrated very inadequate at controlling expenses, and effectively work to prohibit medicinal services inclusion at whatever point possible. Clarifies Ezra Klein at the Washington Post: The private protection advertise is a wreck. Its expected to cover the wiped out and rather contends to guarantee the well. It utilizes units of agents whose sole employment is to escape paying for required medicinal services benefits that individuals thought were secured. Actually, multi-million rewards are granted every year to top medicinal services administrators as motivator to deny inclusion to strategy holders. Therefore, in the United States today: Over 33% of families living beneath the neediness line are uninsured. Hispanic Americans are more than twice as liable to be uninsured as white Americans while 21% of dark Americans have no wellbeing insurance.More than 9 million kids need medical coverage in America.Eighteen thousand individuals kick the bucket every year since they are uninsured. Slate.com announced in 2007: The present framework is progressively distant to numerous poor and lower-white collar class individuals... those fortunate enough to have inclusion are paying consistently more as well as accepting consistently less advantages. Most recent Developments In mid-2009, a few alliances of Congressional Democrats are heatedly making contending human services protection change enactment. Republicans have commonly not offered meaningful social insurance change enactment in 2009. President Obama has voiced help for all inclusive medicinal services inclusion for all Americans which would be given by choosing among different inclusion alternatives, including a possibility for government-financed social insurance (otherwise known as an open arrangement choice or open choice). Be that as it may, the President has stayed securely on the political sidelines, hitherto, compelling Congressional conflicts, disarray, and difficulties in conveying on his crusade guarantee to make accessible another national wellbeing plan to all Americans. Social insurance Packages Under Consideration Most Democrats in Congress bolster general human services inclusion for all Americans which offers different alternatives for protection suppliers, and incorporates an ease, government-subsidized social insurance choice. Under the multi-choice situation, Americans happy with their current protection can select to keep their inclusion. Americans disappointed, or without inclusion, can choose government-supported inclusion. Republicans grumble that the free-showcase rivalry offered by a lower-cost open segment plan would cause private-part insurance agencies to cut their administrations, lose clients, would hinder gainfulness, or go completely bankrupt. Numerous dynamic dissidents and different Democrats accept unequivocally that the not out of the question, just U.S. social insurance conveyance framework would be a solitary payer framework, for example, Medicare, in which just ease government-subsidized medicinal services inclusion is given to all Americans on an equivalent premise. Americans Favor Public Plan Option Per the Huffington Post about a June 2009 NBC/Wall Street Journal survey: ... 76 percent of respondents said it was either very or very critical to give individuals a decision of both an open arrangement directed by the national government and a private arrangement for their medical coverage. Moreover, a New York Times/CBS News survey found that The national phone review, which was directed from June 12 to 16, found that 72 percent of those addressed upheld a legislature controlled protection plan - something like Medicare for those under 65 - that would vie for clients with private back up plans. 20% said they were contradicted. Foundation Democrat Harry Truman was the first U.S. President to encourage Congress to administer government human services inclusion for all Americans. Per Healthcare Reform in America by Michael Kronenfield, President Franklin Roosevelt planned for Social Security to likewise join medicinal services inclusion for seniors, however stayed away because of a paranoid fear of distancing the American Medical Association. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson marked into law the Medicare program, which is a solitary payer, government human services plan. In the wake of marking the bill, President Johnson gave the main Medicare card to previous President Harry Truman. In 1993, President Bill Clinton selected his better half, knowledgeable lawyer, Hillary Clinton, to head a commission accused of producing a gigantic change of U.S. human services. After major political stumbles by the Clintons and a powerful, dread mongering effort by Republicans, the Clinton social insurance change bundle was dead by Fall 1994. The Clinton organization never attempted again to redesign medicinal services, and Republican President George Bush was ideologically contradicted to all types of government-supported social administrations. Social insurance change was a top crusade issue among 2008 Democratic presidential competitors. Presidential competitor Barack Obama guaranteed that he will make accessible another national wellbeing plan to all Americans, including the independently employed and private companies, to purchase reasonable wellbeing inclusion that is like the arrangement accessible to individuals from Congress. See the aggregate at Obama Campaign Promises: Health Care.  Masters of Government Healthcare Notable American customer advocate Ralph Nader summarizes the positives of government-subsidized healthcareâ from the patients viewpoint: Free decision of specialist and hospital;No charges, no co-pays, no deductibles;No rejections forâ pre-existing conditions; you are guaranteed from the day you are born;No insolvencies due toâ medical bills;No passings because of absence of wellbeing insurance;Cheaper. Less complex. More affordable;Everybody in. No one out;Save citizens billions per year in enlarged corporate authoritative and official pay costs. Other significant positives of government-subsidized medicinal services include: 47 millions Americans lackedâ healthcare insuranceâ coverage as of the 2008 presidential battle season. Taking off joblessness from that point forward have caused the positions of the uninsured to expand past 50 million in mid-2009.Mercifully, government-subsidized social insurance would give get to toâ medical servicesâ for all uninsured. Also, lower expenses of government medicinal services will make protection inclusion be essentially progressively available to a great many people and businesses.Doctors and other clinical experts can focusâ on understanding consideration, and no longer need to burn through several squandered hours yearly managing protection companies.Patients, as well, under government human services could never need to misuse unreasonable measures of disappointing time wheeling and dealing with insurance agencies. Cons of Government Healthcare Traditionalists and libertarians restrict U.S. government human services for the most part since they dont accept that its a legitimate job of government to offer social types of assistance to private residents. Rather, preservationists accept thatâ healthcare coverageâ should keep on being given exclusively by private-segment to benefit protection companies or conceivably by non-benefit elements. In 2009, a bunch of Congressional Republicans have proposed that maybe the uninsured could acquire constrained clinical administrations by means of aâ voucher framework and assessment credits for low-pay families. Traditionalists additionally battle that lower-cost government medicinal services would force too extraordinary of aâ competitive advantageâ against revenue driven safety net providers. The Wall Street Journal contends: As a general rule, equivalent rivalry between an open arrangement and private plans would be outlandish. The open arrangement would unyieldingly swarm out private plans, prompting a solitary payer framework. From the patients point of view, negatives of government-subsidized social insurance could include: A reduction in adaptability for patients to openly look over among the huge cornucopia of drugs,â treatment choices, and surgeries offered today by more expensive specialists and hospitals.Existing tolerant classification guidelines, which would almost certainly be weakened by concentrated government information that would fundamentally be maintained.Less potential specialists may select to enter the clinical calling because of diminished open doors for exceptionally repaid positions. Less specialists combined with soaring interest for specialists could prompt a lack of clinical experts, and to longer sitting tight periods for arrangements. Where It Stands Starting late June 2009, the battle to shape medicinal services change has just started. The last type of fruitful human services change legislati

Our Seeple did some amazing things last year COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Our ‘Seeple’ did some amazing things last year COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Two-thousand fourteen was an extraordinary year, and we can hardly wait to see what 2015 has in store for us. SIPA students, faculty and alumni are flourishing and are accomplishing so many great things across the globe.  Last year, SIPA welcomed some notable people to campus, our students explored climate issues abroad, and our staff and alumni even found  themselves  in the pages and on the teleprompters of the countrys leading media outlets. The New Year may be in full swing, but we dont want to forget about our accomplishments last year. So as you put away the twinkle lights, make lists for this years resolutions, and dream about tomorrow (and possibly a future at SIPA), we thought wed share some of our favorite Seeple (SIPA people) moments with you.  Heres a look at some of our favorite moments from 2014: Conferences and Speakers In January 2014, SIPA held its annual Washington, D.C. Career Conference where students networked with potential employers in the DC area and with SIPA alumni. Throughout the spring semester, the SIPA United Nations Studies Program (UNSP) held several working lunch events, which featured Ambassador Oh Joon, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea, and Ambassador Khalid Abdalrazaq Al Nafisee, Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia, and allowed students to interact with the Ambassadors. In March, SIPA and the Harriman Institute convened six faculty experts for a wide-ranging discussion on the crisis in Ukraine. In April, SIPA hosted the 17th  Annual David N. Dinkins Leadership Public Policy Forum, led by former NYC Mayor David Dinkins, and featured current NYC Mayor, Bill de Blasio, SIPA ‘87. In May, Françoise Bouchet-Saulnier of Médecins Sans Frontières and Philippe Bolopion of Human Rights Watch discussed challenges in humanitarian law. Then, the following week,  SIPA held TEDxColumbia SIPA: Think Smaller  at Columbia Universitys Miller Theatre to discuss the notion that bigger is not always better. In December, Columbia’s Journal of International Affairs celebrated the launch of its Fall 2014 issue, “Breaking Point: Protests and Uprisings in the 21st Century,” at the biannual Thought Leadership Forum. And ending the year with a bang, Jason Bordoff, SIPA professor, appeared on the Colbert Report and discussed energy and falling oil prices. Student Spotlights Tsechu Dolma, MPA ’15, received the  Brower Youth Award  and was recognized for her work to build a community greenhouse in Nepali village. Moises Mendoza, MIA ’16, pursued a  Project on Statelessness. The  beta version of the multimedia website, Stateless Voices, is currently online. Rina Lila, MIA ’15, worked on the  Kosovo Diaspora Project. For last years  Workshop in Development Practice, 21 teams of SIPA students in the Economic and Political Development concentration pursued fieldwork in 18 countries. SIPA students participated in United Nations’ Conference of the Parties (COP 20) on climate issues in Lima, Peru. A delegation of SIPA students were joined by Dean Merit E. Janow at the 2014 conference of the Global Public Policy Network (GPPN), hosted by the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin. Following NYC Mayor Bill de Blasio’s election, five MPA students surveyed their classmates to develop policy recommendations for New York City’s new mayor in the key areas of housing, transportation, education, and economic development and sustainability and sent an open letter to Mayor de Blasio. Alumni Accomplishments Ella Watson-Stryker, SIPA ’09, was featured on cover of Time Magazine as Times Person of the Year. She was picked as the “Ebola Fighter” with fellow Médecins Sans Frontières  staff! Ashoka Mukpo, MIA ’11,  recovered from Ebola  and is doing well. Cris Stephen, MIA ’99, was  appointed coordination officer for the UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response. Eric Garcetti, SIPA ’93, was elected Mayor of Los Angeles in November. Congratulations!  ***Cant get enough of 2014? Watch some of our greatest moments, featuring clips from SIPAs most-popular conferences, panel discussions and round-table events.*** Looking ahead to 2015 Julissa Reynoso, U.S. Ambassador to Uruguay, will teach a new course at SIPA on rule of law in Latin America (Seminar on Latin America: Challenges to Progress) this spring. Caroline Kennedy, U.S. ambassador to Japan and a 1988 graduate of Columbia Law School, will be the featured speaker at SIPA’s graduation ceremonies in spring 2015. and We will welcome a new class of SIPA students!! For prospective students interested in applying to Fall 2015, a friendly reminder that February 5, 2015 (at 11:59 PM EST) is the final application deadline. Good luck!

Killer Whale Dorsal Fin Collapse

For some time, theres been a heated debate about why  killer whales in captivity have dorsal fins that are flopped over or collapsed. Animal-rights activists say that these fins collapse because the conditions under which killer whales — or  orcas — are held in captivity are not healthy. Others, such as water parks that keep killer whales in captivity and use them in theme-park shows, argue that there are no health threats to killer whales held in captivity and that dorsal fin collapse is natural. The Lowdown on Dorsal Fins All killer whales have a dorsal fin on their back, but the males dorsal fin is much taller than a females and can grow up to 6 feet tall. Despite the fact that the dorsal fin is very straight, it is supported not by bone but a fibrous connective tissue called collagen. All males in captivity have collapsed dorsal fins, but the condition, also known as dorsal fin collapse, flaccid fin, or folded fin syndrome, ​does occur in many captive females. Scientists are not certain why orcas have dorsal fins or what purpose the appendages serve. But, there is some speculation.  Whales Online  says that the large dorsal fin enhances the hydrodynamics of killer whales: (The dorsal fin) helps them slip through the water more efficiently. Similar to the ears of elephants or the tongues of dogs, dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins also help eliminate excess heat during intense activities such as hunting. Orca Live  agrees that the fins help regulate a killer whales body temperature: Excess heat, generated as they swim along, is released into the surrounding water and air via the dorsal fin — much like a radiator! Though there are different theories about their specific purpose, its a fact that dorsal fin collapse is far more prevalent in whales that are held in captivity. Dorsal Fin Collapse A wild orca often travels far, and quickly, in deep water. The water provides pressure to the fin, keeping the tissues inside healthy and straight. One theory as to why dorsal fins collapse in captivity is because the orca spends much of its time at the water surface and doesnt swim very far. This means that the fin tissue gets less support than it would if the orca were in the wild, and it starts to fall over. The whales also often swim in a repetitive circular pattern. Other potential causes for fin collapse may be dehydration and overheating of fin tissue  due to  warmer water and air temperatures, stress due to captivity or changes in diet,  reduced activity that causes low blood pressure, or age. SeaWorld of Hurt, a website operated by animal rights organization PETA, takes this stance, noting that dorsal fins of captive whales likely collapse Because they have no space in which to swim freely and are fed an unnatural diet of thawed dead fish. SeaWorld claims that this condition is common — however, in the wild, it rarely ever happens and is a sign of an injured or unhealthy orca. SeaWorld announced in 2016 that it would stop breeding whales in captivity immediately and  phase out killer whale shows  at all its parks by 2019. (In San Diego, the shows ended in 2017.) The company has said, however, that the shape of a killer whales dorsal fin is  not an indicator of its health. The dorsal fin is a structure like our ear, said Dr. Christopher Dold, SeaWorld’s head veterinarian: It doesnt have any bones in it whatsoever. So our whales spend a lot of time at the surface, and accordingly, tall, heavy dorsal fins (of adult male killer whales) without any bone in it, will slowly bend over and assume a different shape. Wild Orcas While less likely, it is not impossible for a wild orcas dorsal fin to collapse or become bent, and it may be a trait that varies among whale populations. A study of killer whales in New Zealand showed a relatively high rate — 23 percent — of collapsing, collapsed, or even bent or wavy dorsal fins. This was higher than that observed in populations in British Columbia or Norway, where only one male from the 30 studied had a fully collapsed dorsal fin, the study said. In 1989, the dorsal fins of two male killer whales collapsed after exposure to oil during the  Exxon Valdez  oil spill—the whales collapsed fins were thought to be a sign of poor health, as both whales died soon after the collapsed fins were documented. Researchers have theorized that dorsal fin collapse in wild whales may be due to age, stress, injury, or altercations with other killer whales.   Sources Matkin, C. O., and E. Saulitis. 1997. Restoration Notebook: Killer Whale (Orcinus orca). Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Anchorage, Alaska.  National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Regional Office. 2005. Proposed Conservation Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales, ). orcaOrcinusVisser, I.N. 1998. Prolific Body Scars and Collapsing Dorsal Fins on Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in New Zealand Waters. Aquatic Mammals  24.2,71-81.

African American Culture and Traditions - 2667 Words

The African American Culture and Traditions A Research Study and Facts That Will Take Us Into What Makes This Culture So Unique. Jeanette C. Council Dr. Jefferson Rackley COUN 504 5 May 2012 Liberty University Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the uniqueness and diversity of people and practices of the African American culture. Each culture in life has some similarities and some differences. The similarities and differences that are present in a culture is what make the culture what it is. When dealing with a culture, race, ethnicity, of a people or religion it has a history of where it originates and or a heritage that that culture or people can relate to and always go back to, because this is what sets a†¦show more content†¦As I think about this pattern I think about how my parents taught us the way in which we should live as well as teaching us the ways of God. Now that both parents are deceased, the understanding and truth about our beliefs and choice of a relationship with God came from the values, strengths and beliefs that have been instilled in each and every one of my sisters and brother. The African American Culture As I researched and talked to relatives concerning my background, heritage and culture, it made me want to know more about my family and where it all began. I had fun putting Together my family tree or Genogram and I see why it is important to know who we are and where we come from. I am an African American and both my parents are of African American decent. In the African American culture, many of our ancestors came to America by capture and not by choice. It is said that many African Americans were slaves and were a part of slave trade that was increased between the 15th and 19th centuries (Bennett, 2003; Van Sertima, 1976). Many African Americans were brought here to make their white or European owners money and cause them to be prosperous in areas of agriculture. There were white indentured servants, who could have worked to till the ground and make the harvest plentiful, but it wasn’t enough, so plantation owners saw it profitable to use African slaves as a solution toShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Vernacular Traditions: Integrated Into Modern Culture1292 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Vernacular Traditions: Integrated Into Modern Cu lture African American vernacular traditions have been around for many centuries and still cease to exist in their culture. The vernacular traditions of the African Americans started when slaves were existent in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. It is believed that the slaves spoke a mix of Creole and partial English, in which they had to create in order to communicate between them discreetly. The vernacular traditions originatedRead More African American Culture through Oral Tradition Essays3405 Words   |  14 PagesAfrican American Culture through Oral Tradition African American folktales have origins rooted in West African literary and cultural forms of expression. When Africans were taken from their homeland and brought to America as slaves, they also brought with them their individual cultures, languages and customs. However, their white slaveholders suppressed this part of their heritage in them. Thus they had to find other ways of expression, mainly story telling and songs. It is incredible to see howRead MoreAfrican American Culture in the Americas741 Words   |  3 Pages African Americans brought over a distinctive culture into America from Africa. The Africans can create many different sounds that we never knew about. They revived the way we held church and worship, and brought joy to many citizens. 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Author of  The Roots and Stylistic Foundations of the Rap Music and Tradition,  Cheryl Keyes, discuss’ the spirit, style, tradition, emotions, culture and the delivery of music. Keyes says that many of these practices can be traced back to the West Afrikan Bardic Tradition in particular. When asking many old-schoolRead MoreJazz And Jazz Culture1273 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is culture? What is African culture? What is Jazz music and where did it come from? How can one culture, in a sense, impact the musical landscape of the whole Western world and eventually assimilate into ‘pop’ culture? If we want to truly understand jazz and it’s concepts, we have to navigate through history and explore it’s roots. Simply put, jazz is African American music, and the genre, as we know, formed in New Orleans. However, the origins of jazz started well before then, in Africa. TheRead MoreHeritage Assessment1503 Words   |  7 PagesOF HISPANIC, ASIAN AND The Heritage Assessment of Hispanic, Asian and African American Families B.Cohran Grand Canyon University The Heritage Assessment of Hispanic, Asian and African American Families The Heritage Assessment Tool (HST) is used to â€Å"investigate a given patient’s or your own ethnic, cultural, and religious heritage†¦it can help determine how deeply a given person identifies with a particular tradition†. (prenhall.com). This assessment of 29 questions based on family, socialRead More African American Culture Essay example963 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American Culture Culture is not a fixed phenomenon, nor is it the same in all places or to all people. It is relative to time, place, and particular people. Learning about other people can help us to understand ourselves and to be better world citizens. One of the most common ways of studying culture is to focus on the differences within and among cultures. Although their specifics may vary form one culture to another, sociologists refer to those elements or characteristics thatRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1328 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of American culture, and legislation. These institutions were especially impactful during the start of American colonization. Colonization caused the aggregated need for mass amounts of workers for cultivation infrastructure. For this reason, American settlers began the transatlantic slave trade trade. Christianity played an important role in advocating for the morality of the slave trade (Richard). In order to drive the slave industry, pastors across America used the traditions and stories

Perspectives on the French Revolution Free Essays

Perspectives on the French revolution. This essay will examine the ideologies of the French revolution of 1789. Two perspectives on the French revolution were held by the conservatives’ elite and the educated philosophers. We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives on the French Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The educated philosophers believed that a revolution was the only way that the middle and lower class were to have a say in matters of state, and obtain their rights. Their goal in the revolution was to turn the absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. The conservatives believed that the absolute monarchy should stay intact to preserve their heritage, and that the revolutionary changes brought more problems than they solved. The French revolution started in 1789 and officially lasted 10 years, finishing in 1799. Although according to public opinion, many events after the official end of the revolution are considered to be included in revolution for example the rein of Napoleon Bonaparte. The revolutions started as a result of rising food prices and the states bankruptcy. The rising food prices were primarily caused by an immense and volatile hailstorm. The food shortage may have ended there, however the hailstorm was followed by a long drought, likely caused by the El Nino effect. After the drought there was an uncharacteristically cold winter rivers and roads froze over, stopping flour from being ground by watermills, and the little food that was produced couldn’t get to the market because the roads were blocked. When spring came around and the snow finally thawed it caused floods destroying an abundance of farmland. There is also speculation that volcanic activity of Laki and Grimsvoth had a hand in the food crisis. In addition to rising food prices, the states bankruptcy, caused in part by Frances involvement in the American revolutionary war, put the monarchy in a difficult financial position. To pay its debts the state would either have to borrow money or raise the already high taxes on the third estate (Adcock, pg. 40). Both decisions were unfavourable as they would cause upheaval in civilian life. The taxes were already high, having been raised to pay for the many wars King Louis XIV had waged, leaving the state in debt (Neely, pg. 29). In august 1786 king Louis XVI’s minister of finance informed him of the seriousness of the financial situation. France had been in debt for about 100 years. They waged 4 separate wars between 1733 and 1783, and borrowed more than ? 1250 million since 1776. These were the major contributions to Frances debt (Adcock pg. 41, Brooman pg. 19). The king had two options, either borrow more money or raise the taxes higher than they’ve ever been. He soon discovered he couldn’t borrow more money because he was in too much debt, so he tried to introduce a new tax. This tax was called the land tax, all land owners had to pay this tax to keep the land they owned. This included the first, second and third estates land but excluded the king. All new taxes and laws had to be registered and approved at the law courts, or parliament in Paris. King Louis tried to pass the new tax without the estates generals’ approval. When the law courts wouldn’t allow him to introduce the new tax without their approval he exiled the entire parliament from Paris. People everywhere in France protested against this, sometimes violently, for six months until King Louis gave in and reappointed them. As a result of these main problems the people felt that the monarchy was not doing its job and that the French people needed a constitutional government to rule over them fairly. Although the philosophes did not always agree on political issues they did agree that the scientific discoveries made in the 17th century were important to all aspects of life (Neely pg. 16). Most philosophes were not traditional Christians, but rather deists. Deists believed that â€Å"knowledge of god came through study of the nature that he created† and did not believe in things such as miracles (Neely pg. 7). Before the revolution the philosophes achieved the publication of the encyclopedie, a collection of knowledge with contributions from many philosophes. The first volume was published in 1751(Neely pg. 18). These encyclopedie have been blamed by some historians for the revolution. They do at least play a small role in the revolution. â€Å"what helped to bring on the revolution were not radic al ideas, but rather that more and more people were now discussing public policy and taking a lively interest in political and governmental matters†(Neely pg. 1) these books were the reason people were able to be informed enough to create their own opinions. The governing of the country was no longer in the hands of just a few noble men, but majority of the population. One of the most famous philosophes was Francois-Marie Arouet, better known as Voltaire. He wrote a variety of philosophical works on many topics and in many forms. In 1725 he was exiled to Britain for three years after offending a nobleman. In Britain he learnt about the constitutional monarchy, which appeared far better than his own country’s monarchy. During this exile he wrote letter philosophiqes sur les anglais (philosophical letters on the English). He published these when he returned to France. These letters recommended the constitutional monarchy over the absolute monarchy, and sparked outrage in most people throughout the country. It is likely that these works had a hand in the revolution, once people had time to process the information. The edict of Nantes was signed in Nantes, France by Henri IV on April 15th 1598. Henri was a protestant who converted to Catholicism 4 years after succeeding the throne. The edict gave Protestants the freedom to worship as they please, made their marriages valid, allowed their priests to be paid by the state and gave full immunity for all crimes committed by both sides during the religious wars. The edict proved only to be a temporary solution to the religious wars and rivalry between the Protestants and Catholics. In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes, declaring all protestant marriages invalid, and causing mass migration to England (Cavandish, history today). Voltaire, who had a protestant wife, wrote about the Protestants and what they were going through during this time of turmoil (Neely pg. 18). Voltaire especially had an interest in the callas case. He believed that the case showed what was wrong with the French society including religious intolerance. Jean Callas was convicted of killing his son for trying to convert to Catholicism. He was tortured and killed in public. In 3 years Voltaire cleared his name. Although the edict was revoked almost 100 years before the revolution, some historians believe it may have had a part in causing it. Enlightenment led people astray by weakening their faith in tradition and religion by placing entirely too much confidence in the abilities of human beings to reason and improve the world† (Neely pg. 16). The conservatives believed that the revolution would cause more problems than it would solve. Although they admit that the monarchy had its flaws, they believed it was immoral to attack the go vernment and the church (Neely, pg. 16). It was common belief that the king was appointed by god, which meant he had the divine right to rule. Therefore, â€Å"to criticise the king was to criticise god†. Public belief in the kings’ competence to rule was largely reinforced by large oil paintings of the king at work (Adcock pg. 7). The second estate or nobility did not have to pay certain taxes (and dodged paying many others), got special treatment in law courts, had the right to carry a sword, and did not have to do military service (Brooman pg. 7). Because most of the conservatives were nobility of the second estate (upperclassmen) it is believed that there may have been a more selfish reason for their beliefs. The conservatives did not want to give up their estates, slaves, titles, and privileges (Neely pg. 16). On the 26th of august 1789 the declaration of rights of man and citizen was introduced provisionally by the parliament (Neely pg. 86). It outlined that all men were equal and free and that power did not solely belong to the king but to the people as well (Brooman pg. 33). Its main purpose was to acknowledge that these rights already exist, no to create new ones. It was merely an affirmation of the philosophes writings about the people’s rights. The document did not mention that the state had a responsibility to help the poor and unemployed. Although it was a victory for the philosophes and the third estate, they only got half of what they wanted (Adcock pg. 89). King Louis XVI or â€Å"Louis Capet† as the people insisted on calling him, was found guilty of conspiracy against the state on 7th of January 1793 (Adcock pg. 136). On the 15th of January they voted as to what punishment the king would receive. The votes were very close with 361 people who voted for death without conditions and 360 people who voted against it. Out of those 286 people voted for imprisonment or banishment and 46 people voted for death when peace time came (Neely pg. 170). On the 21st of January he was taken to place de revolution to be executed with a guillotine. Later the place de revolution was renamed to place de la Concorde to try and abate the memory and blame surrounding the place. King Louis XVI was thought of as a rallying point for the conservatives as he was part of the royalty they wished to protect. Once he was executed the conservatives had lost majority of their reason to fight. The revolution officially ended in 1799, when Napoleon Bonaparte came into power. When this happened, both the conservatives and the philosophes lost. Their separate ideals were torn apart as napoleon declared himself emperor, abolishing both the monarchy and the people voice (Adcock pg. 193). During the revolution the French people had 4 separate national assemblies and 3 different constitutions. Many historians believe that without the help of the philosophes the French revolution may never have happened while others argue that dissatisfaction in the system causes criticism and animosity and the revolution still would ave happened eventualy. Bibliography Adcock, M 2004, Analysing the French revolution, Cambridge University Press. Brooman, J 1992, Revolution in France, Longman Group. Cavendish, R 1998, The edict of Nantes, viewed 12th September 2012 lt;http://www. historytoday. com/richard-cavendish/edict-nantesgt;3 Hampson, N 1963, A social history of the French revolution, T. J pr ess. Neely, S 2008, A concise history of the French revolution, Rowman and Littlefield publishers. How to cite Perspectives on the French Revolution, Papers

Profitability Ratios, Liquidity Ratio and Account Principles free essay sample

Accounting Principles and Concepts Business Entity the business is seen as a separate entity from its owner(s). Going Concern – this concept assumes that the entity will continue to operate in the foreseeable future, unless there is a clear evidence to the contrary. The balance sheet and profit and loss account on the basis that the assets will not be liquidated but have a continuing value to the business. Periodicity – the final accounts of the company, i.e. income statements (profit and loss account), balance sheet and, for larger companies, cash flow statements, have to be prepared on an annual basis. Money Measurement – transactions are recorded in money terms. Financial statements are drawn up with all revenues, expenses, assets and liability similarly express. Historical Cost assets, liabilities and expenses are all entered into the books of accounts at their actual cost to the business. Materiality – information is material if it could influence user’s decisions on the basis of the financial statements. We will write a custom essay sample on Profitability Ratios, Liquidity Ratio and Account Principles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Duality – the double entry system is fundamental to accounting. Every entry into the accounts has twofold effect. Every time something is received, something is given; for every debit there is a credit. Realisation profit on a transaction is realised when the legal title of the goods has been transferred, the vendor then has a legal right to the receipt of the money. Matching costs are matched with revenues in a given accounting period. Accruals revenues and costs are recorded in the accounts as they are incurred, not as they are received or paid. Objectivity accounts should be: factual, free from bias, and verifiable.